Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones lose calcium and other minerals. There are two forms: type I, the most common, occurs in postmenopausal women or younger ones whose ovaries have been removed; type 2, or senile osteoporosis, develops in both men and women, usually after age 75. The decline of estrogen, the major female sex hormone, plays a major role in type I. Up to half of all American women over the age of 45 have some degree of type I osteoporosis. Such bone loss is especially pronounced in the first decade following menopause. Other risk factors linked to osteoporosis include cigarette smoking, heredity, and being thin, fine boned, and of Asian or northern European extraction. Symptoms generally begin with mild back pain, which worsens as the vertebrae become compressed, caused by tiny crush fractures that afflict about one third of women over age 50. Compression of the spinal column also leads to height loss and a deformity commonly called dowager’s hump. Wrist and hip fractures are common.

Diagnostic Studies And Procedures

Standard X-rays can detect decreased bone density of the vertebrae, but only after 25 to 40 percent of calcium has been lost. Bone density studies, such as single photon absorptiometry, dualenergy absorptiometry, and quantitative computed tomography, provide earlier and more accurate assessments of bone density, but are costly. A scanning technique called X-ray densitometry is less expensive and is gaining wider use.

Medical Treatments

Treatment can usually slow bone loss, and sometimes even reverse it. The earlier that treatment begins, the more likely it is to increase bone density. One or more of the following drug treatments may be combined with the alternative therapies discussed below.

Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy

lowers the incidence of vertebrae and hip fractures. It is most effective when started within four to six years after menopause . calcitonin, a thyroid hormone that regulates calcium metabolism and inhibits the loss of calcium from bones, shows promise as a drug to halt osteoporosis; it may also increase bone density. Although the hormone must usually be administered by injection, a newer form, calcitonin nasal spray appears to be equally effective. Etidronate (Didronel), a drug first used to treat Paget’s disease, another bone disorder, is under study as a treatment for osteoporosis. Research suggests that it can increase vertebral density and reduce the risk of fractures. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex), an estrogen­blocking drug used for treating breast cancer, also appears to prevent osteoporosis; how it works is unknown. In addition, several promising new drugs are being used experimentally; these include alendronate, a drug that decreases bone demineralization.

Alternative Therapies

Exercise and Physical Therapy

Bones are constantly being rebuilt, a process that requires a certain amount of stress. Thus, walking and other weight bearing activities are key components of any treatment program. If you already have osteoporosis, a physical therapist can develop an exercise regimen and teach you how to use your body more efficiently to reduce the risk of fractures. Also helpful are an orthopedic support, heat, and gentle massage.

Nutrition Therapy

Calcium and vitamin D are essential to building and maintaining bones. The best dietary sources of calcium are low fat milk and milk products; canned sardines and salmon with bones; and certain green leafy vegetables such as broccoli and kale. However, beet greens, spinach, and other vegetables high in oxalates bind to calcium and prevent its absorption. Too much bran or other high fiber food also hinders absorption of calcium, while citric acid enhances it. Experts recommend that post menopausal women get at least 1,500 milligrams of calcium a day, especially if they are not taking estrogen or are over age 65. For most women, this means adding supplements. Calcium citrate and calcium carbonate are the most absorbable forms; many brands are combined with vitamin D, which the body needs in order to absorb calcium. Dolomite and bone meal are not recommended because they sometimes contain lead and other contaminants.

Self Treatment

Preventive self care measures include:

• Do not smoke. Tobacco use appears to lower estrogen production.
• Limit caffeine intake to the equivalent of three cups of coffee daily.
• Abstain from alcohol, or use it in moderation, defined as no more than two alcoholic drinks a day.
• Try to spend 30 minutes in the sun two or three times a week; this enables your body to produce vitamin D. Otherwise, make sure that your calcium supplement or milk is fortified with this vitamin.
• If you take antacids, avoid brands containing aluminum salts, which impede calcium absorption, in favor of those containing calcium carbonate.

Other Causes of Bone Loss

Secondary osteoporosis may be caused by endocrine disorders such as diabetes; drug side effects, such as long term use of corticosteroids; rheumatoid arthritis; and prolonged bed rest.

Infection control to contain the infection in any medical environment but it may prove to be quite difficult, because the infection can contact with each other through a variety of ways, patients, nurses, or even all of these groups of families, thereby increasing the possibility of transmitted infections.

The old adage infection prevention is better than cure ring to better serve the primary health care environment, in particular, can help reduce the opportunity to put these infections spread in the first place.

– Hand hygiene: Keep a pair of clean hands is the simplest and most effective way to prevent the spread of harmful organisms. This is you to come into contact with patients, management of the treatment or management of, and may lead to infection is easy to pass. With a disinfectant soap and enough water to wash your hands, then wipe clean with a paper towel, can be very beneficial. Ideally, you should wash your hands between tasks and dealing with different patients. Hand will immediately be deleted after contact with any liquid blood, body, medical equipment and contaminated clothing and bandages and discarded objects.

– Sterilization: the most effective way to eliminate one of the microbial sterilizing agents. Steam, heat and chemicals, the first two because of the accessibility and usability is the most common, especially when the body cannot be hot in the cold sterilization process chemicals used in operating a variety of methods. Even more than the effective disinfection, chemical disinfectants can also be used at room temperature with different surface cleaning.

Macrobiotics is a dietary discipline based on the East Asian concept that good health depends on establishing a harmonious balance of the opposing life forces (yang and yin), and that this applies to foods as well as other aspects of life.

Origins

The regimen was developed during the first half of the 20th century by George Ohsawa, a Japanese philosophy student who claimed to have cured his tuberculosis by devising a diet based on the spiritual principles and practices of Oriental medicine. He created the term macrobiotics, which in Greek means “a broad view of life,” and described his regimen in a 1920 book, A New Theory of Nutrition and Its Therapeutic Effect. The book is now in its 700th edition in japan. By the time of his death in 1966, Ohsawa had written over 300 books and had traveled throughout the world promoting his dietary philosophy. He found a receptive audience in the early 1960s among young Americans, who flocked to macro biotic restaurants and health food stores.

Practitioners

A number of alternative therapists, including acupuncturists, naturopaths, practitioners of Oriental medicine, and holistic healers, have incorporated macrobiotics into their practices.

When It Is Used

As a therapy, macrobiotics is used to treat various ailments through a limited diet. It may, for example, be recommended as a treatment for eating disorders or for coping with stress. Many of its proponents also believe that it provides a spiritual or mystical foundation for the way life should be lived.

How It Works

Macrobiotics classifies all foods as yang or yin instead of by nutritional content and the designations of carbohydrate, protein, and fat . In general, a macrobiotic diet calls D ,r 50 to 60 percent of calories to come from whole cereal grains, the foods that are most balanced in yin and yang; 25 t 30 percent from vegetables; 10 to 15 percent from bean; and sea vegetables; 5 to 10 percent from fish, shellfish, seasonal fruits, and nuts; and 5 percent from soups made wit vegetables, grains, or miso (fermented soy). The extreme macrobiotic diets of the early 1960s were sometime limited to brown rice only, which is balanced in its yin an yang qualities but is not complete nutritionally. Those we e soon abandoned when faithful followers developed severe malnutrition. Today’s macrobionc diet is similar to many vegetarian regimens, especially those that eschew milk and eggs but allow inclusion of seafood.

What To Expect

Following a diagnosis based on the individual’s appearance, symptom;, and current diet, the macrobiotic therapist recommends changes aimed at correcting the imbalance of yang and yin foods. Modifications depend on the availability of local grains, vegetables, and fruit. Brown rice and herbal tea are considered basic. Bananas, mangoes, and other tropical fruits are avoided in temperate climates. Even though fish and some meat may be acceptable, all dairy products are excluded Processed foods, whether frozen or canned, are also prohibited at all times. A person may be taught new ways in which to prepare foods. Copper and aluminum pans, for example, are not used because races of their metals can leach into foods. Instead, stainless steel, enamel, glass, and ceramic cookware, as well as wood as or bamboo spoons, are recommended.

Precautions

• A rigorous macrobiotic diet can have dangerous if imposed on children and adolescents. Because it is low in calories and certain nutrients, it can also further health of people with AIDS, cancer, and malabsorption diseases.
• If you devise your own macrobiotic diet as a way of weight, ask your doctor or a qualified nutritionist about supplements , especially of vitamin B 12 .

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If you are experiencing pain and decreased mobility from arthritis symptoms, you probably don’t have the quality, pain-free life-style you once had – or the freedom of movement to do all the things you used to enjoy. Millions of people suffer the painful symptoms of arthritis and related diseases, which include inflammation, swelling, redness, pain and stiffness. Although there are literally hundreds of different kinds of arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout are the three most common.

There’s no one best way to manage arthritis pain or achieve pain relief. Part of the frustration for people in pain, doctors acknowledge, is that no single technique is guaranteed to produce complete and consistent pain relief. Often you need a combination of methods. And you may need to change your mix of techniques over time – adding this, dropping that – as your condition changes.

Daily choices in self-care and activity can definitely affect the intensity of arthritis symptoms, so arthritis sufferers will be helped by knowing the best choices that lead to arthritis pain relief. Even though it may initially hurt to move and stretch the body, gentle exercises done preferably at the end of the day, can eliminate some of the aches and stiffness of arthritis.Topical ointments that contain cayenne pepper have proven very effective when applied to painful joints. Applying ice packs onto painful arms, legs, knees and joints can also provide temporary relief from arthritis. Over the counter remedies that contain anti-inflammatory drugs are also useful when taken daily to relieve the pain. There are also dietary supplement being introduced that are known to have a considerable efficacy in relieving the pain caused by arthritis. This alternative is said to be more effective than the remedies introduced from animal and marine extractions.

You may be surprised to learn that many natural remedies for arthritis can be as effective if not more so than prescription and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs, and as such might be a better solution for those that suffer the debilitating joint pain, swelling and inflammation of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout.